1. Risks for international peace and cyber-stability

I am absolutely convinced that, differently from the great battles of the past, which opened with a barrage of artillery or aerial bombardment, the next war will begin with a massive cyber attack to destroy military capacity … and paralyse basic infrastructure such as the electric networks.

António Guterres

UN Secretary-General

There are growing concerns that cyber-attacks could be used for – or escalate into – cross-border conflicts. In this part, we will look into major cases of cyber-attacks that had economic and political consequences, the role of cyber-attacks and disinformation as part of hybrid warfare, and trends with cyber-armament of countries.