2.3. Norms, confidence building measures, and capacity building

2.3.2. Confidence building measures

🎯What are the confidence building measures (CBMs)?

🎯What is the significance of regional CBMs?

CBMs aim to prevent hostility, reduce tension, avert conflict escalation, and build mutual trust between states. The UN Framework outlines a number of voluntary CBMs to increase cooperation and predictability, and reduce misunderstanding. CBMs call for, among other:

• Exchange of information on national strategies and policies, decision-making processes, and relevant national organizations, and national terminology; on national and transnational threats, identified cyber-incidents, product vulnerabilities and hidden functions, best practices in dealing with cyber-incidents, and national classifications of incidents; 
• Appointment of national points of contact on policy and technical levels, as well as creation of related directory of contacts;
• Establishment of national CERT/CSIRTs, including for critical infrastructure, and cooperation among national CERT/CSIRTs;
• Protection of infrastructure that states consider critical, including industrial systems, through exchange of information and a repository of laws and policies related to critical infrastructure (CI), and developing technical, diplomatic and legal mechanisms to protect CI, and public-private partnership and multistakeholder cooperation for that;
• Cooperating in investigating cyber-crime and terrorism, through cooperation of law enforcement authorities, and appointing focal points for the exchange of information on incidents and assistance in investigations; 
• Developing mechanisms and processes for bilateral, regional, subregional and multilateral consultation to avoid misperception and escalation;
• Developing workshops, seminars and exercises to prevent and manage cyber-incidents.

Since regional organisations like the OSCE, ASEAN and the OAS have developed their own CBMs and principles, some of which fed into the UN Framework, it encourages further sharing of information about CBMs developed in regional and multilateral forums. We will discuss the work of regional organisations later in this module.

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